History of Ancient Rome - Free Essay Example

Ancient Rome began as a small city-state in Italy and eventually grew into an empire that contained most of Europe, Britain, Western Asia, Northern Africa, and the Mediterranean islands. Rome became an empire soon after Julius Caesar came into power and conquered France. Augustus, who was Julius Caesars adopted son, took the throne after his fathers death. Augustus created a golden age of peace and prosperity, known as the Pax Romana. Although Rome seemed to be flourishing, it began to decline and the year 476 is known as the fall of Rome. There are many theories surrounding the causes of the decline in Rome, including, agricultural exhaustion, invasions, and lack of military might. Ellsworth Hunting, the author of Climate Change and Agricultural Exhaustion as Elements in the Fall of Rome, argues that agricultural exhaustion is the cause of the decline of Rome. Hunting states that, seven jugera, or about four and one-half acres of land, sufficed for the tillage required to support an average family. Agriculture was so intensive that farms of this small size, supplemented presumably by pasture land, supported a contented, self-respecting, and progressive population (Hunting, ). Cities within Rome were small, and the citizens of these cities were independent and created a government to fit the needs of the people. The second century before Christ marked a major change, under Scipio in 196 B.C grain began to be distributed from state granaries to poor citizens. Seven jugera were no longer sufficient for the average farmer (Hunting, ). Many farmers became poverty stricken and instead of sowing their fields with a scientific rotation of carefully tilled crops, they w ere turning them over to pasturage. At this point, farmers reaped only four times the seed that they sowed. Conditions only became worse, farms were abandoned, tenants fell into chronic debt and were little better than slaves. Agricultural decline lead to economic decline and the creation of a system of taxation. Taxes should be proportioned to the income of the people who pay them, but the decline in agriculture left many people poor. A tax that was easily paid from a full grain bin becomes oppressive when the grain bin is half empty. Poverty lead to the concentration of power in the hands of the few. Ward-Perkins, author of The Fall of Rome: and the End of Civilization, states that, the key internal element in Romes success or failure was the economic well-being of its taxpayers (Ward-Perkins,). Families who were unable to pay the taxes required to keep their land, were forced to leave. Some families even sold their children into slavery because they could not provide for them. Since taxes were used to empower the army, Romes military might declined significantly. The Roman military began to employ barbarian allies and mercenaries for protection. Employing barbarians caused revenue to leave the Roman Empire and enter foreign states, which caused inflation. The Persian Empire took advantage of the weak Roman military and managed to capture a Roman emperor, leading to a Roman civil war. Civil wars were frequent and caused military deaths, civilian deaths, and wasted resources. Trying to put an end to civil wars within Rome, gave foreigners an opportunity to invade with little pushback. One foreign invader that was extremely successful were known as the Huns. Edward Gibbons, the author of History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, believed that the Huns was a major factor in the fall of Rome. He argues that, the barbarian world was agitated by the distant revolutions of China. The Huns, who fled before a victorious enemy, directed their march towards the West; and the torrent was swelled by the gradual accession of captives and allies. The flying tribes who yielded to the Huns assumed In their turn the spirit of conquest; the endless column of barbarians pressed on the Roman empire with accumulated weight; and if the foremost were destroyed, the vacant space was instantly replenished by new assailants (Gibbons, ). The Roman empire did not stand a chance against the Huns. Agricultural decline, heavy taxes, and the lack of military might, left Rome open to foreign invasion.

In The Joy Luck Club - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 750 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Joy Luck Club Essay Did you like this example? In The Joy Luck Club all the characters names were: Lina St. Clair, Ying Ying, An Mei, Rose, Waverly, Lindo, Suyuan and Jing Mei (June). The first relationship is between June and Suyuan, June is Suyuans daughter, Suyuan recently died 6 months ago, in the film the Joy Luck Club found Suyuans daughters that of which she left on the side of the rode during the war and wanted them to repair their relationship. The next relationship is between Lindo and Waverly, Waverly is Lindos daughter, Waverly being generally successful (even when playing chess when younger) and married to Rich. Then there is An Mei and Rose, Rose is An Meis daughter, Rose is married to Ted Jordan. Then there is Ying Ying and Lena, Lena is Ying Yings daughter, Ying Ying married a cheating man and felt lost she then killed her first child in the bathtub to take the only thing that she had over him. Lena is married to Harold, Harold makes Lena pay for most things that of which she later finds unfair, Lena finds that he doesnt respect her and she ends up demanding respect. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "In The Joy Luck Club" essay for you Create order The relationship that I chose to closely analyse is between Ying Ying and Lena. This relationship is special or stands out to me because of the fact that Ying Ying killed her own child in China to spite the man she loved but grew to hate, as well as because she expects her daughter to demand what she could not. Lena being Ying Yings daughter, Ying Ying having married a man that she thought was in love with her and had his kid, soon late found out that he was a disgusting cheating man that had no respect for her. With hate in Ying Yings heart she decided to drown her first baby in order to make her husband feel pain. Ying Ying then left her Chinese husband and came to America where she married Clifford and had her daughter Lena. Clifford speaks fluent english but not chinese and Ying ying speaks fluent chinese but not english so in the movie, its found that Clifford often puts words into Ying Yings mouth. After losing her child and her marriage though, Ying ying found herself most times lost and an deep dark spells. Ying Ying puts the traits of not speaking up for herself and not demanding respect onto her daughter, Lena. In Lenas marriage she is married to a man named Harold, Harold making 7x as much as she does, makes has them go half on everything they buy even things that he buys for her or that he buys only for himself. Ying Ying then explains to Lena that she is lacking a demand for mutual respect in her relationship, the same as she did back in China. Ying Ying wishes for her daughter to take charge for what she wants and needs before it is too late, she wants her to find herself and not to accept anyone who doesnt accept who she is. Love between Ying Ying and Lena was expressed by Lena often comforting Ying Ying when she falls into a deep sorrow spell and Ying Ying by explaining her story and that she wants better for her daughter (forcing Lena to break free from her unhappy marriage). In the movie, unlike Waverly and Junes parents, Lena didnt have her mother push her to do any skill, throughout the movie it even seemed as if Ying Ying began to give up trust in the idea that she could be a good mother to her daughter until she explains her story. With Lenas Chinese and American identities she seems to be more intact with her American side, she has an big American style house that Ying Ying addresses as lopsided and her mother doesnt like the way that her house is set up because of Chinese customs, Lena also accepts the idea of ?fair in her relationship before her mother addressed it. Two examples in the movie that reflect these customs is when the Ying Ying went into the room and began to touch things almost tipping over the table, she insults the table and labels it as useless, while Lena calls it a gift. Another example is when Ying Ying was first introduced to Lenas home and Ying Ying looked unpleased by the style, especially when seeing the list of money, Ying Ying sees it as disrespectful and looks down on it, while Lena accepted it also.

Nazi Labour Camps and Capitalism - 1905 Words

Throughout the communist era in Central and Eastern Europe, but especially in the first half of that era, capitalism was seen as immoral and inhumane. Capitalism, as discussed by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto, was the cause of many social ills in society and needed to be overthrown (Marx 221-222). In â€Å"This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen,† Tadeusz Borowski uses imagery and characters to compare and contrast the Nazi labor camp to capitalism. Although the ideology of capitalism is not as cruel as the Nazi labor camps, when put in practice it does have some similarities to these camps. Of course, Borowski wrote this story while he was a member of the communist party, which suggests that his opinion of capitalism may be†¦show more content†¦Hence, Borowski may have used the imagery of rapid transportation and wealth to make the reader think of capitalism in Germany, which would lead the reader to realize that capitalism played a role in World War Tw o (WWII) and the labor camps. Moreover, this division of labor is representative of the class struggle that is represented in The Communist Manifesto. This is important because it is a reflection of how much Borowski may have been influenced by the communists when he joined the Polish communist party in 1948 (Kennedy 161). In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx argues that the evolution of society must take place because it cannot keep up with the evolving and growing economy. Hence, with the changing economy the former feudal society has evolved into a Capitalist society with just two classes, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie (Marx 220). Although Borowski does divide the detainees into different hierarchical rankings, the main division in the camp is between the S.S. Officers and the detainees including those being sent to the crematorium. Just because the main character in the story, Tadek, is in group Canada does not mean that he is treated well by the S.S. Officers. â₠¬Å"‘Why are you standing about like sheep? Start unloading!’ His whip flies and falls across our backs† (Borowski 28). Hence, all of the prison laborers and those sent to the crematoria all have the S.S.Show MoreRelatedThe Holocaust : Its Causes And How It Was Carried Out1497 Words   |  6 Pagesmillion Jews by the Nazi government, led by Adolf Hitler. Apart from the Jews, other groups considered inferior or anti-establishment such as Poles, Romans and gypsies were also killed. 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Reflection On Medication Management Error †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reflection On Medication Management Error. Answer: There are many challenges that a graduating nurse faces while making the transition from to the stage of professional practice, and one of the myriad of different issues medication management issues are the most frequent. The rate of medication errors and resultant hospital admissions have been identified as the most prevalent reason behind the rate of hospital admissions and hospice referrals. Australian data declares that the rate of medication related hospital admissions have increased by 3% in the last couple for years in Australia itself, and elaborating more on the global context the rates are alarming (Westbrook et al. 2015). It has been observed that the prevalence of medication related hospice admissions have been 12% in all age groups of patient population and close to 30% in the elderly patient population (Nuckols et al. 2014). However, the medication safety and administration are often handled by the nursing professionals and the professional misconduct of the nurses is d irectly associated with any mishap occurring within the concept of medication safety and administration. However, the novice nurses neither have adequate experience nor adequate training that can help them effectively maintain adequate medication management. And, as a graduating nurse myself one of the major professional issues that I have faced while applying my theoretical knowledge to practical application is the misconduct associated with medication management. I have chosen medication management and safety issues as the focal point of this reflective assignment as I have faced the majority of challenges in this sector in my placement practice. And the medication management and safety issue that I have gone through the most in my professional tenure is the issues with IV administration and utilizing all the different tools and techniques required for correct IV administration. It has to be understood that there are plenty of medication management issues that can present itself in the health care scenario, although in my opinion, the most of the issues that are prevalent in this sector are due to the extreme gap that has been left behind in between theory and practice (Nuckols et al. 2014). As anursing student myself I have experienced the fact that it is very difficult for me to have had made a serious connection between the theoretical knowledge that I have gained and the practice scenarios where I have to apply the theoretical knowledge. It has to be mentioned that the medication administration procedure or MAP is a highly complex and critical procedure which is based on numerous theories and protocols. Although, the process of prescribing the medication is completely based on the critical judgment of the respective physician, the rest of the different phases of the MAP are dependent heavily upon the differentnursing professionals who are responsible for the caring of the patients. According to the Ostini et al. (2012), it has to be mentioned that the complex nature and the abundance of overlapping protocols and practice guidelines, the complex nature of the MAP exposes a high amount of risks that can lead to a variety of different medication errors. The different variety of medication management errors can occur in different phases of the MAP, and each of the errors have a significant detrimental impact on the health and safety of the patients, that is the reason why any medication management errors is considered as a severe professional misconduct on the part of thenursing professional under consideration. Although, from my own experience, I would like to emphasize on the fact that there are various external and internal factors that influence the everyday professional practice of the nursing professionals, and hence all of those interrelated factors contribute heavily on the occurrence or frequency of the medication errors as well. These factors include extreme world load, chaotic environment and lack of privacy in the clinical environment, inadequate competency in the nursing professionals, miscommunication and technical errors, and knowledge gap in the new nursing professionals (Westbrook et al. 2015). According to the article by Leufer and Cleary-Holdforth (2013), the miscommunication and technical errors are one predominant factor that leads to many instances of further complications for the patients and extended hospice stay for the patients in case of experienced nursing processions, for both registered and enrolled nurses. It has to be mentioned that the technological information or patient record maintenance systems are still very new to the health care scenario, and a vast majority of experienced nursing professionals without adequate training on operating the technological devices or idea on the internet linked databases end up making medication administration errors like prescribing the wrong dosage or even wrong medication due to not being able to correctly use the devices, although with the extensive progressive training and skill Improvement programs in the health care system reform under the national government authorities, the older and more experienced nurses are inc reasingly becoming more and more trained to operate and decipher the electronic information system devices within the patient information circulation framework and in turn the rate of the medication management errors are decreasing as well (Roughead, Semple and Rosenfeld 2013). The extreme workload and chaotic environment in the clinical setting is one factor that is still a viable reason behind a large number of medication errors in the current health care scenario. According to the article by the Manias, Williams and Liew (2012), concentration is extremely important pursuit in case of maintaining all the critical requirements or protocols associated with medication administration procedure, any distraction during this procedure can lead to errors which will eventually lead to complications and even fatal consequences for the patient under consideration. Elliott et al. (2012), in agreement have opined that extreme work pressure due to the alarming staff patient ratio in the Austral ia, and the chaos in the professional clinical setting can be a rich source of burnout related exhaustion and distractions, and both of these elements are equally responsible for the misconduct in the MAP procedure. Reflecting on my own professional experience, the distraction and exhaustion are one of the contributing factors behind the medication management issues I have faced as well. The impact of distraction has also been a significant contributing factor behind the issues u faced with the IV medication administration. Elaborating more on this context, I would like to mention that IV medication administration is extremely complicated and there are a vast variety of protocols and precautionary procedures that are followed to ensure the IV medication is administered with the right dosage and via the right route as per the NSW guidelines. And all these protocols and procedures make the MAP of IV medication even more complicated (Westbrook et al. 2012). Along with that it has to be mentioned that, performing a complicated procedure like the IV medication, distraction has been one of the major contributing factors behind the errors and complications that I have faced. Although, another contribut ing factor that has contributed majorly to the errors and issues with IV medication administration is the conspicuous gap left behind in the knowledge and understanding of the theoretical concepts and its practical application in the clinical scenarios. And as per my own understanding on this issue, most of the IV medication related issues or errors are associated with the gaps left behind between the theoretical concepts and real world clinical scenarios. According to the article by the Ostini et al. (2012), almost 68% of the total IV medication management and administration issues had been reported to be due to the very limited scope of practice in the coursework classroom scenario and very limited associated or familiarity with the IV infusion devices and such IV medication management related resources. In most cases the graduating nurse is given the task to handle devices for the first time in the clinical setting that the nursing professional must have only theoretical understa nding about. The IV medication devices are complex and only theoretical understanding is not enough for a nursing professional to handle it, hence there is need for demonstrative and practice workshops in the coursework itself so that the graduating nurses have the opportunity to have ample practice with devices as complicated as the IV MAP to avoid the risk of medical errors (Redley and Botti 2013). For instance, it has already been emphasized that there are extremely low scope for practice in the graduation coursework for registered nurses, which creates extremely dependent on theoretical knowledge, which inevitably creates chances of errors in MAP process, especially in case of IV medication management. And hence, there is need for more scope for practical application in the coursework design for the graduating nurses. Along with that there is extreme need for periodical specific training that will help the nurses to improve their skills, and along with that implementation of evi dence based practice can also help the situation effectively. As per the guidelines of NMBA, the professional practice standards or a registered nurse includes providing safe and effective patient centered care to the patient with maintaining the optimal quality of practice while handling each and every patient (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2017). Medication management errors on the other hand can be considered extreme violation of the MNBA codes of conduct, and hence, each and every graduate nursing practitioner must employ equal efforts to skill themselves for providing safe and effective care to the patients. As a graduating registered nurse myself I will attempt to take my moral and ethical responsibility towards my patients with grave seriousness and will attempt to bridge the gaps left behind my professional knowledge and skills taking the help of continuous professional development standard of NMBA so that I can avoid making medication management errors and provide efficient holistic care to the patients without any mishaps. References: Elliott, R.A., Tran, T., Taylor, S.E., Harvey, P.A., Belfrage, M.K., Jennings, R.J. and Marriott, J.L., 2012. Gaps in continuity of medication management during the transition from hospital to residential care: an observational study (MedGap Study).Australasian journal on ageing,31(4), pp.247-254. Keers, R.N., Williams, S.D., Cooke, J. and Ashcroft, D.M., 2013. Causes of medication administration errors in hospitals: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence.Drug safety,36(11), pp.1045-1067. Leufer, T. and Cleary-Holdforth, J., 2013. Let's do no harm: Medication errors in nursing: Part 1.Nurse education in practice,13(3), pp.213-216. Manias, E., Williams, A. and Liew, D., 2012. Interventions to reduce medication errors in adult intensive care: a systematic review.British journal of clinical pharmacology,74(3), pp.411-423. Nuckols, T.K., Smith-Spangler, C., Morton, S.C., Asch, S.M., Patel, V.M., Anderson, L.J., Deichsel, E.L. and Shekelle, P.G., 2014. The effectiveness of computerized order entry at reducing preventable adverse drug events and medication errors in hospital settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews,3(1), p.56. Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. (2017).Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au [Accessed 25 Nov. 2017]. Ong, W.M. and Subasyini, S., 2013. Medication errors in intravenous drug preparation and administration.Med J Malaysia,68(1), pp.52-57. Ostini, R., Roughead, E.E., Kirkpatrick, C.M., Monteith, G.R. and Tett, S.E., 2012. Quality Use of Medicinesmedication safety issues in naming; look?alike, sound?alike medicine names.International Journal of Pharmacy Practice,20(6), pp.349-357. Redley, B. and Botti, M., 2013. Reported medication errors after introducing an electronic medication management system.Journal of clinical nursing,22(3-4), pp.579-589. Roughead, L., Semple, S. and Rosenfeld, E., 2013. Literature review: medication safety in Australia.Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. Westbrook, J. I., Reckmann, M., Li, L., Runciman, W. B., Burke, R., Lo, C., ... Day, R. O. (2012). Effects of two commercial electronic prescribing systems on prescribing error rates in hospital in-patients: a before and after study.PLoS medicine,9(1), e1001164. Westbrook, J.I., Li, L., Lehnbom, E.C., Baysari, M.T., Braithwaite, J., Burke, R., Conn, C. and Day, R.O., 2015. What are incident reports telling us? A comparative study at two Australian hospitals of medication errors identified at audit, detected by staff and reported to an incident system.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,27(1), pp.1-9.]